CVE Intelligence
Medium

CVE-2025-22048 — LoongArch: BPF: Don't override subprog's return value

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: LoongArch: BPF: Don't override subprog's return value The verifier test `calls: div by 0 in subprog` triggers a panic at the ld.bu instruction. The ld.bu insn is trying to load byte from memory address returned by the subprog. The subprog actually set the correct address at the a5 register (dedicated register for BPF return values). But at commit 73c359d1d356 ("LoongArch: BPF: Sign-extend return values") we also sign extended a5 to the a0 register (return value in LoongArch). For function call insn, we later propagate the a0 register back to a5 register. This is right for native calls but wrong for bpf2bpf calls which expect zero-extended return value in a5 register. So only move a0 to a5 for native calls (i.e. non-BPF_PSEUDO_CALL).

Published Apr 16, 2025 · Updated Oct 30, 2026 · Sources: NIST National Vulnerability Database, CVE Program (cve.org) e CISA ADP · CNA: Linux

Who exploits it and how urgent it is

A 0–100 score combining confirmed exploitation, ransomware and APT use, public exploits, EPSS and severity.

No exploitation signal in the sources consulted so far.
How the score was calculated
  • EPSS 0.2% (30-day exploitation probability)+2
  • Technical severity (medium)+3

The score orders the patch queue; it does not replace your asset context (internet exposure, criticality, compensating controls).

Triage

Is it exploited, how likely is exploitation, what does it touch, and how severe do the sources call it.

Exploitation
Not confirmed
Not in CISA KEV — an absence of record, not proof it is unexploited.
EPSS FIRST
0.21%
ahead of 12% of scored CVEs · Oct 30, 2026
Affects
Linux
Linux and 1 more
CVSS base
5.5
Medium · 3 source(s)
Prioritization reference: 7.8 provisional

Remediation

Fixes and mitigations documented by the sources — linked to the original advisory.

  • Documented patch — git.kernel.org (NIST National Vulnerability Database)
  • Documented patch — git.kernel.org (NIST National Vulnerability Database)
  • Documented patch — git.kernel.org (NIST National Vulnerability Database)
  • Documented patch — git.kernel.org (NIST National Vulnerability Database)
  • Documented patch — git.kernel.org (NIST National Vulnerability Database)

First 24 hours

Ordered from the record’s own fields — exposure first, because you cannot patch what you have not found. A rule-generated starting point.

  1. Identify exposed assets running the affected vendor/product/version combinations (Linux Linux, Linux Linux Kernel).
  2. Apply the fixed version or the patch documented under Remediation.
  3. Search available logs for exploit probes, errors and authentication anomalies.

Affected scope

Vendor, product and versions as the sources word them.

VendorProductVersionsStatusSource
Linux Linux ≥ 73c359d1d356cf10236ccd358bd55edab33e9424 and < 780628a780b622759d9e5adc76d15432144da1a3version 6.13≥ 6.11.11 and < 6.12≥ 6.12.2 and < 6.12.23≥ 6.6.64 and < 6.6.87≥ 6.1.120 and < 6.1.191version 3b75f627b73d96787a493e2f1187543ba9c056a4≥ 73c359d1d356cf10236ccd358bd55edab33e9424 and < 60f3caff1492e5b8616b9578c4bedb5c0a88ed14
and 4 more ≥ 73c359d1d356cf10236ccd358bd55edab33e9424 and < 996e90ab446641553e8e21707b38b9709605e0e0≥ d5d83242a1d778ceb6d8b07c6b491cf7483ca112 and < 223d565d8892481684091cfbaf3466f2b0e289d3≥ 0c8d50501bc13cacecc19caaddc10db372592a39 and < 7df2696256a034405d3c5a71b3a4c54725de4404≥ 8382e92f90b601acf6d426121e6f4991502e767d and < d99845f672cce0b610f7c51248ef95d7df63927e
Vulnerable CVE Program (cve.org) e CISA ADP
Linux Linux Kernel ≥ 6.1.120 and < 6.2≥ 6.14 and < 6.14.2≥ 6.13 and < 6.13.11≥ 6.12.2 and < 6.12.23≥ 6.11.11 and < 6.12≥ 6.6.64 and < 6.6.87 Vulnerable NIST National Vulnerability Database

Attack characteristics

The CVSS vector, decoded. It describes the attack, not your exposure to it.

Attack vector
Local
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality
None
Integrity
None
Availability
High

Every base score collected

Sources score independently and may disagree; each row says who scored it and under which version.

ScoreVersionSeverityExpl.ImpactScored by
7.8 CVSS 3.1 High 1.8 5.9 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67 via NIST National Vulnerability Database
7.8 CVSS 3.1 High — — Linux via CVE Program (cve.org) e CISA ADP
5.5 CVSS 3.1 Medium 1.8 3.6 nvd@nist.gov via NIST National Vulnerability Database
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H (score shown at the top: nvd@nist.gov)
Scoring entities (NIST, CNA, ADP) score independently; each score is shown with its origin. For prioritization we use 7.8 (416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67 via NIST National Vulnerability Database) as a conservative provisional reference — not a definitive official score.

Detection

Read off the CVSS vector and the weakness class. Starting points, not tested rules.

  • Local/physical vector: focus on endpoint telemetry (EDR) from affected hosts.
endpoint telemetry (EDR)

Timeline

What happened to this CVE, newest first.

  • 2026
  • Affected products added · linux/linux
    Oct 30, 2026 · CVE Program (cve.org) e CISA ADP
  • Record published
    Oct 30, 2026
  • Fix documented
    Oct 30, 2026 · NIST National Vulnerability Database
  • CVSS changed · 5.5
    Oct 30, 2026 · NIST National Vulnerability Database
  • Source status changed · → Modified
    Oct 30, 2026 · NIST National Vulnerability Database
  • Record created in this database
    Oct 30, 2026 · NIST National Vulnerability Database
  • 2025
  • CVE published
    Apr 16, 2025 · Linux

Source activity

Repeated readings are counted rather than listed.

  • 1× Official description updated · Oct 30, 2026 – Oct 30, 2026

References

6 on the record

Elsewhere on this site

Linux
every CVE for this vendor

Related CVEs (same products)

  • CVE-2026-99216 Drivers: hv: Don't reset VMBus connection state on error/exit paths 3d
  • CVE-2026-99215 power: supply: core: prevent unregistering a power supply while a callback runs 3d
  • CVE-2026-99207 scsi: target: Disable interrupts while holding delayed_cmd_lock 3d
  • CVE-2026-99208 drm/xe/oa: Zero OA buffer at allocation 3d
  • CVE-2026-99209 drm/xe: skip eviction of a BO with no resource 3d
  • CVE-2026-99210 accel/rocket: clear rdev on device init failure 3d

Not in any source we poll

Listed rather than left blank: an empty field and an unmeasured one look identical on screen, and only one is a reason to look elsewhere.

  • No CISA SSVC assessment.
  • No CWE classification.
  • No confirmed IOCs, IP addresses, domains, file hashes, or malware artifacts supplied.
  • No organization-specific asset inventory, compensating-control status, or patch deployment evidence supplied.
  • No exploit packet captures, log samples, or incident case IDs supplied.

Answered from this record

Text assembled only from the fields above — no additional claims.

What should defenders know first?

CVE-2025-22048 is "LoongArch: BPF: Don't override subprog's return value", rated Medium. It affects Linux (Linux); versions are in the scope table. It is not in CISA KEV, which does not rule out exploitation. CVSS 5.5 describes technical severity. EPSS 0.21% estimates the probability of exploitation in 30 days; neither replaces your asset context. First verify whether exposed or business-critical assets run the affected versions, apply vendor fixes or mitigations, and preserve logs for review.

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