High

CVE-2023-54140 — nilfs2: fix WARNING in mark_buffer_dirty due to discarded buffer reuse

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nilfs2: fix WARNING in mark_buffer_dirty due to discarded buffer reuse A syzbot stress test using a corrupted disk image reported that mark_buffer_dirty() called from __nilfs_mark_inode_dirty() or nilfs_palloc_commit_alloc_entry() may output a kernel warning, and can panic if the kernel is booted with panic_on_warn. This is because nilfs2 keeps buffer pointers in local structures for some metadata and reuses them, but such buffers may be forcibly discarded by nilfs_clear_dirty_page() in some critical situations. This issue is reported to appear after commit 28a65b49eb53 ("nilfs2: do not write dirty data after degenerating to read-only"), but the issue has potentially existed before. Fix this issue by checking the uptodate flag when attempting to reuse an internally held buffer, and reloading the metadata instead of reusing the buffer if the flag was lost.

Published Dec 24, 2025 · Updated Oct 13, 2026 · Sources: NIST National Vulnerability Database, CVE Program (cve.org) e CISA ADP · CNA: Linux

Low

Who exploits it and how urgent it is

A 0–100 score combining confirmed exploitation, ransomware and APT use, public exploits, EPSS and severity.

No exploitation signal in the sources consulted so far.

How the score was calculated

EPSS 0.2% (30-day exploitation probability)+1
Technical severity (high)+6

The score orders the patch queue; it does not replace your asset context (internet exposure, criticality, compensating controls).

Triage

Is it exploited, how likely is exploitation, what does it touch, and how severe do the sources call it.

Exploitation

Not confirmed

Not in CISA KEV — an absence of record, not proof it is unexploited.

EPSS FIRST

0.16%

ahead of 5% of scored CVEs · Oct 14, 2026

Affects

Linux

CVSS base

7.8

High · 2 source(s)

Remediation

Fixes and mitigations documented by the sources — linked to the original advisory.

No fix documented by the sources we poll. That does not mean none exists: check the vendor advisory.

First 24 hours

Ordered from the record’s own fields — exposure first, because you cannot patch what you have not found. A rule-generated starting point.

Identify exposed assets running the affected vendor/product/version combinations (Linux Linux).
No fix documented in the sources: reduce exposure and monitor the vendor advisory.
Search available logs for exploit probes, errors and authentication anomalies.

Affected scope

Vendor, product and versions as the sources word them.

Vendor	Product	Versions	Status	Source
Linux	Linux	≥ 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c and < 473795610594f261e98920f0945550314df36f07≥ 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c and < d95e403588738c7ec38f52b9f490b15e7745d393≥ 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c and < 99a73016a5e12a09586a96f998e91f9ea145cd00≥ 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c and < f1d637b63d8a27ac3386f186a694907f2717fc13≥ 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c and < b911bef132a06de01a745c6a24172d6db7216333≥ 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c and < 4da07e958bfda2d69d83db105780e8916e3ac02e≥ 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c and < 46c11be2dca295742a5508ea910a77f7733fb7f4≥ 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c and < b308b3eabc429649b5501d36290cea403fbd746c and 2 more ≥ 8c26c4e2694a163d525976e804d81cd955bbb40c and < cdaac8e7e5a059f9b5e816cda257f08d0abffacdversion 3.10	Vulnerable	CVE Program (cve.org) e CISA ADP

Attack characteristics

The CVSS vector, decoded. It describes the attack, not your exposure to it.

Attack vector

Local

Attack complexity

Low

Privileges required

Low

User interaction

None

Scope

Unchanged

Confidentiality

High

Integrity

High

Availability

High

Every base score collected

Sources score independently and may disagree; each row says who scored it and under which version.

Score	Version	Severity	Expl.	Impact	Scored by
7.8	CVSS 3.1	High	1.8	5.9	416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67 via NIST National Vulnerability Database
7.8	CVSS 3.1	High	—	—	Linux via CVE Program (cve.org) e CISA ADP

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H (score shown at the top: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67)

EPSS over time FIRST

Oct 13, 2026 → Oct 14, 2026 · 2 reading(s) · max 0.16%

Detection

Read off the CVSS vector and the weakness class. Starting points, not tested rules.

Local/physical vector: focus on endpoint telemetry (EDR) from affected hosts.

endpoint telemetry (EDR)

Timeline

What happened to this CVE, newest first.

2026
Affected products added · linux/linux
Oct 13, 2026 · CVE Program (cve.org) e CISA ADP
Record published
Oct 13, 2026
CVSS changed · 7.8
Oct 13, 2026 · NIST National Vulnerability Database
Source status changed · → Deferred
Oct 13, 2026 · NIST National Vulnerability Database
Record created in this database
Oct 13, 2026 · NIST National Vulnerability Database
2025
CVE published
Dec 24, 2025 · Linux

Source activity

Repeated readings are counted rather than listed.

1× Official description updated · Oct 13, 2026 – Oct 13, 2026

References

9 on the record

git.kernel.org/stable/c/473795610594f261e98920f0945550314df36f07
NIST National Vulnerability Database
git.kernel.org/stable/c/b308b3eabc429649b5501d36290cea403fbd746c
NIST National Vulnerability Database
git.kernel.org/stable/c/99a73016a5e12a09586a96f998e91f9ea145cd00
NIST National Vulnerability Database
git.kernel.org/stable/c/b911bef132a06de01a745c6a24172d6db7216333
NIST National Vulnerability Database
git.kernel.org/stable/c/f1d637b63d8a27ac3386f186a694907f2717fc13
NIST National Vulnerability Database
git.kernel.org/stable/c/d95e403588738c7ec38f52b9f490b15e7745d393
NIST National Vulnerability Database
git.kernel.org/stable/c/cdaac8e7e5a059f9b5e816cda257f08d0abffacd
NIST National Vulnerability Database
git.kernel.org/stable/c/46c11be2dca295742a5508ea910a77f7733fb7f4
NIST National Vulnerability Database
git.kernel.org/stable/c/4da07e958bfda2d69d83db105780e8916e3ac02e
NIST National Vulnerability Database

Elsewhere on this site

Linux
every CVE for this vendor

Related CVEs (same products)

Critical CVE-2026-99999 ipv4: validate checksum_start before completing checksum 10h
Unknown CVE-2026-98432 ipv4: free inet_opt and ireq_opt after an RCU grace period 10h
Unknown CVE-2026-98431 RDMA/uverbs: Fix mmap_lock/disassociation_lock circular dependency 1d
Unknown CVE-2026-98430 RDMA/efa: Keep admin queues alive while IRQ is registered 1d
Unknown CVE-2026-98429 RDMA/efa: Keep EQ resources alive while IRQ is registered 1d
Unknown CVE-2026-98428 ALSA: usb: 6fire: Avoid embedded URBs 1d

Not in any source we poll

Listed rather than left blank: an empty field and an unmeasured one look identical on screen, and only one is a reason to look elsewhere.

No fixed version, patch or mitigation documented.
No CISA SSVC assessment.
No CWE classification.
No confirmed IOCs, IP addresses, domains, file hashes, or malware artifacts supplied.
No organization-specific asset inventory, compensating-control status, or patch deployment evidence supplied.
No exploit packet captures, log samples, or incident case IDs supplied.

Answered from this record

Text assembled only from the fields above — no additional claims.

What should defenders know first?

CVE-2023-54140 is "nilfs2: fix WARNING in mark_buffer_dirty due to discarded buffer reuse", rated High. It affects Linux (Linux); versions are in the scope table. It is not in CISA KEV, which does not rule out exploitation. CVSS 7.8 describes technical severity. EPSS 0.16% estimates the probability of exploitation in 30 days; neither replaces your asset context. First verify whether exposed or business-critical assets run the affected versions, apply vendor fixes or mitigations, and preserve logs for review.

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